He states the following:
1. A relationship between the lyrics and the visuals, which illustrate, amplify or contradict the lyrics.
2. Thought beats: seeing the sounds (the relationship between the music and the visuals, which illustrate, amplify or contradict the music.)
3. Genre-related style and iconography.
4. Multiple close-ups of the main artist or vocalist: the creation of a star image to promote a recognizable brand image.
5. Voyeurism.
6. Intertexual references to other media texts may be present
2. Thought beats: seeing the sounds (the relationship between the music and the visuals, which illustrate, amplify or contradict the music.)
3. Genre-related style and iconography.
4. Multiple close-ups of the main artist or vocalist: the creation of a star image to promote a recognizable brand image.
5. Voyeurism.
6. Intertexual references to other media texts may be present
Each of the above can be found in all music videos throughout history, right up to the present day. Below I have displayed some examples of this and how Goodwin's theory can be applied to music videos.